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1539 Muster Roll
A militia or citizen force for home defence was first established in England by Alfred the Great, and was maintained with more or less efficiency until the Conquest. After that event it was to a large extent overshadowed by the
army of feudal tenants; but it never wholly ceased to exist, and was revived by the sovereigns of the twelfth century as a counterpoise to the feudal levies of the rebellious barons. Henry VIII found it defective in both organization
and equipment, and with a view to its reform appointed in each county a lieutenant (the Lord Lieutenant of to-day), whom he made responsible for the efficiency of the force within his area. As a result the men of each township
were periodically mustered for inspection, and on these occasions the equipment of each individual was noted. The records of these inspections, known as Muster Rolls, are still preserved, and are interesting not only from
a military point of view, but as registers of local names. A roll for the wapentake of Staincliffe of about the year 1539 shows the number of persons liable for service in the parish of Kirkby to be two hundred and twenty-two, of
whom eight are marked 'excused' by reason of illness or age. Of the remainder, one hundred and seventy-five are billmen and thirty-nine archers. The majority possess their own weapons, and a considerable number, a piece
of defensive armour—a sallet or a jack, or both. About eighty possess horses and harness, and a certain number, a complete equipment of all the above articles.
16th Century Arms & Armour
During the 16th Century when the pike and arquebus were being adpted throughout Europe, we preferred to stick with the tried and tested combination of Bill and English longbow that had proved successful during the Hundred Years' War, Wars of the Roses and constant conflicts with Scotland.
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Salet |
A light metal helmet, smooth and rounded like an inverted bowl, which extends backwards to protect the neck. Some also had a fixed or moveable visor to protect the face. |
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Jack (jak) |
A thickly padded or quilted military jacket, faced with leather or heavy canvas. The padding consisted of some 20-30 layers of cloth according to some sources and was designed to absorb impact. Sometimes iron rings or plates were sewn onto or between the layers, to offer more protection from edged weapons. |
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Bill |
A general purpose, simple to make pole weapon, it is a slashing weapon with a hook shaped axe blade mounted on a 6-9 foot pole and was developed from the agricultural billhook. Similar to the more axe-like halberd, it also had a spike or hook behind the main blade which could be used to unseat horsemen and a spike on the top. Sometimes another spike was added to the other end of the pole, providing a more compact stabbing weapon. |

Examples of the English Bill |
Longbow |
The English longbow is made from yew and about 5-6 feet long to suit the archer. Its "D" shaped section has heartwood on one side and sapwood on the other providing a natural laminate and making it very powerful. Bow strings were made of hemp or flax, attached to the wood via horn "nocks", fitted onto the end of the bow.The arrows had a long range and archers could fire 10-20 per minute, providing a deadly hail of projectiles. |
Hors & Hern/Herneys |
Horse & Harness, harness being the complete trappings of a horse, which might include defensive armour. |
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Malhamdale Muster Roll 1539
The monstre or shewyng and viewe of all men of armes me armed hable to bear theym as well archers as other men on horse and on fote, togither with the names & sirnames and diversite of ther barneys viewed and sene in the Wapentake of Staynclif comonlie called Craven and in the forest of Boolande therto adjoyningin the Westriddyng of the Countie of Yorke before Sir Thomas Tempest of Bracewell, Knight, and John Lambart of Calton, Comissioners to our soveraigne lorde the Kinge in the said Westrithynge to thos places & Wapentake assigned by division of assent of the hole commissioners made Ther taken viewed & sene the xxvij. xxviij of March and the firste daye of Aprile and divers other tymes and sundry places by vertue and auctorite of our said soveraigne(s) Commission to the said Sir Thomas and John and other directed &c.
CALTON |
bill |
Rob'tus Birtwisell |
hors stelecap bill |
bill |
Thomas Birtwisell |
|
archer |
John Thomson |
|
ex. Etate |
Will'm Preston sen. |
jak bill |
archer |
Will'm Preston Jun. |
|
bill |
Antonius Holgate |
|
bill |
Ric'us Wilson |
hors jak |
bill |
Joh'es Wilson |
|
ex. Etate |
Joh'es Chatburn |
hors jak |
bill |
Crist. Nelson |
|
archer |
Cristoferus Preston |
Hors |
archer |
Rob'tus Tateham |
|
archer |
Ric'us Smyth' |
|
ex. Etate |
Joh'es Wigan |
salet jak hors |
bill |
Rob'tus Croke |
|
bill |
Ric'us Croke |
|
bill |
John. Hall |
bill |
bill |
Joh'es Lauson sen. fil. Robti. |
|
archer |
Will'm Todde |
|
bill |
Will'm Fisshe |
hors |
bill |
John Lauson Jun. fil' Thos. |
|
bill |
Thomas Nicolson |
salet |
bill |
Johannes Nelson |
|
bill |
Cristof. Hall |
bill hors |
archer |
Thomas Smyth |
jak bill |
bill |
Petrus Hynde |
hors & herneys |
bill |
Georgius Todde |
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|
|
|
|
|
|
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Sm.of me. hable to were herneys — |
xxiij unde |
|
Archers |
vij |
|
bilme. |
|
|
Billes |
xvij |
|
Horses |
vij |
|
Jakkes |
iiij |
|
Billes |
v |
|
Salett |
iij |
|
Furnisshed hors and herneys |
j |
|
|
|
|
AlRTON |
archer |
Edward Salley |
hors jak |
bill |
Rob't Husbonde |
|
bill |
Thomas Hurtlay |
|
bill |
Henr. Swier |
|
bill |
Adam Swier |
hors & hern |
bill |
Ric. P'ston Jun. |
jak salet |
bill |
Adam Preston |
jak bill salet |
bill |
John Smyth thelder |
|
archer |
John Smyth the yong. |
hors & hern |
bill |
Roger Preston |
jak bill hors |
bill |
Thomas Preston |
|
bill |
Cristof. Preston |
hors & hern |
bill |
Henr. Preston |
|
bill |
Will'm P'ston |
hors & hern |
bill |
Thomas Lausan |
|
bill |
Hugh Preston |
bill |
bill |
Adam Preston |
|
bill |
Edward Wogan |
hors & hern |
archer |
John Wegan |
|
bill |
Ric'us P'ston sen. |
hors jak bill |
archer |
Hugh Spenser |
hors & hern |
bill |
Thomas Diconson |
hors & hern |
bill |
Rob't Smyth |
hors jak |
archer |
John Spenser |
hors & hern |
bill |
Thomas Diconson |
hors bill |
bill |
Will'm Bordeley |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sm. of me. habill for werres |
xxvj |
Wherof |
|
|
|
Men furnisshed w |
|
|
l hors & herneys |
viii |
|
Jakke |
all |
|
Horses |
v |
|
Jakkes |
vj |
|
Salette |
ij |
|
Billes |
v |
|
Archers |
v |
|
Bilmen |
xxj |
|
|
|
|
|
|
MALHOM |
bill |
Ric. Walker |
|
bill |
John Middilten |
|
bill |
John Lauson |
hors jak |
bill |
George Knolle |
|
archer |
Geffrey P'cto. Gent |
hors & hern |
bill |
Will'm Airton |
|
bill |
Ric'us Airton |
|
bill |
Miles Seriauntson |
hors jak |
bill |
Ric'Barsha |
jak |
bill |
Joh'es Dene |
jak |
bill |
John Atkynson |
hors jak |
bill |
Roger Lauson |
|
bill |
Rob't Lauson |
hors & hern |
archer |
Crist.Atkynson |
hors jak |
not hable |
John Fish |
salet |
bill |
John Dene |
jak |
bill |
Ric. Barehede |
|
bill |
John Seriauntson |
hors jak |
bill |
Th. Thomson |
hors & hern |
bill |
Henr. Hirde |
hors jak |
bill |
Crist. Smyth |
|
ex.etate |
John Knolle |
jak bill |
bill |
Will'm Hill |
hors & hern |
bill |
John Wyndesor |
hors jak |
bill |
Will'm Hurtlove |
hors jak bill |
bill |
Ric. Preston |
|
bill |
John Preston |
hors & hern |
archer |
Alex. Whitfeld |
hors & hern |
bill |
Thomas Anderson |
|
bill |
Thomas Hill |
|
bill |
John Settill |
|
bill |
John Smyth |
jak |
bill |
Rob't Wilkynson |
hors & hern |
bill |
Thomas Dene |
hors jak bill |
bill |
Will'm Knolle |
hors jak bill |
bill |
Ric. Knolle |
hors jak salet |
bill |
Henr. Pacok |
hors jak bill |
bill |
Will'm Wharfe |
hors jak bill |
bill |
Will'm Toller |
hors & hern |
bill |
Th. Toller |
hors & hern |
bill |
Rob't Slynger |
|
bill |
Will'm Hesildon |
|
bill |
John Segewik |
jak salet bill |
bill |
Matheus Toller |
hors & hern |
archer |
Thomas Toller |
salet |
bill |
Michaell Buk |
hors |
bill |
Gregory Buk |
hors jak salet |
bill |
Jamys Buk |
|
bill |
Francisca Buk |
hors bill |
bill |
John Brown |
bill |
bill |
Cr. Brown |
|
bill |
Henr. Walok |
hors jak |
bill |
Will'm Stephan |
hors |
ex. et. |
John Thomson |
hors |
bill |
Henr. Thomson |
hors bill |
archer |
Leon, de Walok |
hors & hern |
bill |
Rob't Broune |
|
bill |
Will'm Lauson |
hors |
bill |
Thorn's Lauson |
|
bill |
Will's Knolle |
|
bill |
Will'm Smyth alias Hall |
|
archer |
Thos. Wilson |
|
bill |
Joh'es Howson |
|
archer |
Georgius Knolle |
|
archer |
Joh'es Knolle |
|
archer |
Joh'es Hill, jun. |
|
bill |
Joh'es Hurtlofe |
|
no compar |
Ric. Hurtlofe |
|
archer |
Henr. Hill |
|
bill |
Cristofer Hill |
|
no.compar. gz infirm. |
Rob't Leylonde |
|
bill |
Ric'us Benson |
hors jak |
bill |
Georgius Knolle |
|
archer |
Milo Knolle |
|
bill |
Rog'us Benson |
|
bill |
Ric'us Wharfe |
|
bill |
Rog'us Seriauntson |
|
bill |
Th. Slynger |
|
bill |
John Hesilden |
|
bill |
Cr. Hesilden |
|
bill |
Milo Toller |
|
bill |
Ric'us Toller jun. |
|
bill |
Antony Buk |
hors |
bill |
Raufe Buk |
hors & hern |
archer |
Th. Broun |
|
bill |
Will'm Thomson sen. |
hors jak bill |
no.compar. gz infirm. |
Will'm Thomson jun. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sm.of hable men |
iiij. iiij |
Wherof |
|
|
|
Archers |
xij |
|
Bilmen |
lxxij |
And y.of |
|
|
|
Of men furnysshed |
xij |
|
Of horses |
xxiiij |
|
Of jakkes |
xxj |
|
Of Salettes |
v |
|
Of billes |
xj |
|
|
|
|
|
|
KIRKBY IN MALHOMDALE |
bill |
Ric. Howson |
jak comon |
archer |
Hugh Howson |
|
bill |
Thomas P'kinson |
hors bill |
bill |
Cristof. Foster |
|
bill |
Rob't Preston |
salet hors |
bill |
Will's Anderson |
|
bill |
Henr. Sclater |
|
bill |
Rob't Sclater |
jak |
bill |
Will'm Sclater |
|
bill |
John Wegan |
hors & hern |
bill |
Rob't Lauson |
hors jak bill |
archer |
John Lauson |
|
bill |
John Lauson jun. |
|
bill |
Rob't Atkinson |
|
bill |
Rob't Dene |
|
archer |
John Dene |
|
archer |
Joh'es Broghton |
|
archer |
Rob't Broghton |
|
bill |
Laur. Coke |
|
bill |
George Baroo |
|
bill |
Will'm Walton |
|
bill |
Thomas Lauson |
hors |
bill |
John Coke |
|
bill |
Mathewe Walton |
|
bill |
Will'm Dene |
hors jak |
bill |
Will'm Foster |
|
archer |
John Smythe |
hors & hern |
bill |
Henr. Foster |
|
bill |
Edward Lauson |
|
bill |
John Brashaa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sm.of hable me. |
xxxj |
Wherof |
|
|
|
Archers |
vj |
|
Bilmen |
xxv |
And y.of |
|
|
|
Of men furnysshed |
ij |
|
Of horses |
v |
|
Of jakkes |
iiij |
|
Of salettes |
j |
|
Of billes |
iiij |
|
|
|
|
|
|
SCOTHORP |
bill |
Richard Spenser |
hors & hern |
archer |
Edward Spenser |
|
bill |
Rob't Malhom |
|
bill |
Thomas Anderson |
|
bill |
John Preston |
hors & hern |
bill |
Crist. Preston |
|
bill |
Crist. Iveson |
|
bill |
John Carlile |
hors jak bill |
bill |
Th. Wederhirde |
|
archer |
Will'm Sariauntson |
|
bill |
John Hodgeson |
|
bill |
Thomas Hogeson |
|
bill |
Thomas Hodgeson Jun. |
|
bill |
John Thomson |
hors jak bill |
bill |
Stephan Hall |
hors jak bill |
bill |
Edward Hall |
hors |
bill |
Ric'us Atkynson |
|
bill |
Ric'us Lauson |
hors |
bill |
Hugh Foster |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sm.of hable me.xix |
xix |
Wherof |
|
|
|
Archers |
ij |
|
Bilmen |
xvij |
And y.of |
|
|
|
Of men furnysshed |
ij |
|
Of horses |
v |
|
Of jakkes |
iij |
|
Of salettes |
null |
|
Of billes |
iij |
|
|
|
|
|
|
HANNLETH |
bill |
John Brashaa |
|
bill |
Thomas Brasha sen. |
|
bill |
Thomas Brasha Jun. |
|
bill |
John Brasha Jun |
hors |
bill |
Oliuer Crofte |
hors |
|
John Hurtley |
jak salet |
bill |
Cr. Smyth |
|
bill |
Thomas Lauson |
|
bill |
Ric. Hynde |
hors & hern |
archer |
John Lauson |
|
archer |
John Seriauntson |
hors & hern |
bill |
John Seriauntson Jun. |
hors jak bill |
archer |
Rob't Seriauntson |
hors |
archer |
Henry Wilkynson |
hors |
bill |
Henr. Faldshaa |
|
archer |
John Faldshaa |
|
archer |
John Hill |
hors |
archer |
Ric. Anderson |
|
archer |
Rog. Anderson |
bill |
bill |
Cr. Seriauntson |
hors |
bill |
Rog. Salley |
hors |
bill |
Thomas Brasha |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sm. of hable me. |
xxij |
Wherof |
|
|
|
Archers |
ix |
|
Bilmen |
xiij |
Therof |
|
|
|
Of men furnisshed |
ij |
|
Of horses |
viij |
|
Of jakkes |
ij |
|
Of Salettes |
j |
|
Of billes |
ij |
|
|
|
|
|
|
OTTERBURN |
bill |
Thomas Bowhurst |
|
bill |
Hen. Atkynson |
jak bill hors |
bill |
Thomas Atkynson |
hors |
bill |
Cr. Thomson |
hors jak |
bill |
John Kendall |
|
bill |
Rob't Atkynson |
bill jak hors |
bill |
Rob't Holgate |
bill jak hors |
bill |
Leonarde Holgate |
|
bill |
Thomas Pathnalle |
hors & hern |
bill |
John Fawsit |
|
bill |
Robtus Spenser |
hors & hern |
bill |
Thomas Atkynson |
hors jak bill |
bill |
John Anderson |
|
bill |
Will'm Swer |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sm.of Hable men |
xiij |
Wherof |
|
|
|
Archers |
null |
|
Bilmen |
xiij |
|
|
|
|
Of men furnysshed |
ij |
|
Of horses |
vj |
|
Of jakks |
v |
|
Of salettes |
null |
|
Of billes |
iiij |
The National Archives: Exchequer: Treasury of Receipt; Miscellaneous Books: Class E34.
The margin notes "ex etate" or "not hable" indicate persons who possess equipment but are not themselves fit for war.
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